The conflict in Utah and parts of Western Wyoming from 1857-1858 between the Mormon militias of Brigham Young’s Church of Latter Day Saints, LDS, and the American Federal government & US Army, is one of the most unique conflicts in the study of 19th century warfare and diplomacy because it was very much a war of religion, culture, and of the shifting political and ideological union of the states and territories of the United States.
This was certainly at the heart of the issue which led to the US-centric view that this was a revolt, like the Shays 1786-1787 or the Whiskey rebellions 1791-1794. Looking back we can draw parallels to the Utah War and the American Civil War, maybe not in how this short & relatively bloodless war was fought, but in why it was fought, as David L. Bigler has done in his book The Mormon Rebellion: Americans First Civil 1857-1858 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2011).
Sherman L. Fleek, Professor and US Army, Retired, summarizes the start of hostilities as follows:
The Utah War or the Mormon Rebellion as the US government viewed it was most certainly influenced by religion both was known and speculated about the Mormon religion and its followers from a US , Anglo-Christian tradition. Furthermore the Mormons dating back to their early history had a good reason to distrust and fear ‘Gentile’ rule.
Mormons were not unaccustomed to prejudice and targeted violence throughout 1830s into 1850 and as result they had become militarized to certain extent before and after the Utah War. After Joseph Smith Jr. the Prophet and founder of the Church moved to Nauvoo , Illinois
The Legion in Illinois around 1844
The Nauvoo Legion was a Illinois state militia which was supplied and funded by Joseph Smith and the Church. Unlike other militias in just about every other state or territory the militia of Nauvoo was immaculately dressed in the best uniforms & outfitted with the best weapons & supplies that money could buy. The Legion attracted non-Mormons as well and grew to have 5,000 men or more in its ranks.
Relatively excellent (and perhaps shrewd) Mormon capital & financial skills would lead to subsequent economic prosperity for the Church when the LDS and its followers went West. In Illinois this prosperity was short lived following the arrest and subsequent murder of Smith and his brother by an anti-Mormon lynch mob.
The death of the Prophet in Illinois 1844 was the precursor to this new type of LDS militarism centered on the Church-run militia under the overall command of either an elder member or the President of the Church himself. Historians have pointed to the Nauvoo Legion’s success as being partly to blame for Smith’s death and the Mormon exodus.
Joseph Smith reviewing the Nauvoo Legion.
An Interesting article about his sword and where it is today.
An Interesting article about his sword and where it is today.
This type of militia system was useful for defense in the Western territories because of the fears of Native American attack & banditry. However this system showed its susceptibilities when war broke out between the American government and the Saints, as they referred to themselves in the militias. Eventually the Nauvoo Legion was reestablished serving in the Utah War, as home guards during the Civil War, and then as Indian Fighters against the Navajo.
Utah Nauvoo Legion circa 1865-1870
15th President of America at this time James Buchanan (b.1791-1868) ordered a military force eventually commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston, known for his death fighting for the Confederacy at the Battle of Shiloh (TN) in 1862, to march on the Utah Territory in 1857 Deseret in the year 1849.
Map of the State Deseret imposed on the boundaries of the Utah Territory and the modern boundaries. (BYU)
Deseret never materialized and the Utah territory was established in 1850 after the LDS settled on the shores of the Great Salt Lake in 1847. This new Mormon ‘Zion ’ was under the control of Brigham Young with implied and almost unchecked Church control, despite being a territory of the Federal government and therefore subject to US government control.
Albert Sidney Johnston shortly before his death in 1862 as the
commander of the Confederate Army in the West
This was certainly at the heart of the issue which led to the US-centric view that this was a revolt, like the Shays 1786-1787 or the Whiskey rebellions 1791-1794. Looking back we can draw parallels to the Utah War and the American Civil War, maybe not in how this short & relatively bloodless war was fought, but in why it was fought, as David L. Bigler has done in his book The Mormon Rebellion: Americans First Civil 1857-1858 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2011).
Sherman L. Fleek, Professor and US Army, Retired, summarizes the start of hostilities as follows:
“The two main factors that caused the Utah War can best be summarized as, first, the differences in policies between federal and Church authorities concerning relations with the Utah Indians. The second consisted of Americans’ absolute fear of Mormon power and religious teachings, including practices such as polygamy, combined with the fear of perceived Mormon vigilantism and oppression of non-Mormons.”
Part of the Native American-Mormon-US conflict was played out in the controversial events even to this day of the Mountain Meadows Massacre in September 1857. What is discernible is that around 120 settlers in the Baker-Fancher party fromArkansas were massacred in repeated attacks by Mormon militiamen disguised as Native Americans and their Paiute tribe allies. The Mormon overtures to theese tribes who they generally had good relations with, was at least part of the reason for the later occupation of Utah by the US army.
In the end, not one pitched battle was fought from May 1857 to July 1858 as the US Army could not, and did not engage Mormon militiamen who they almost never saw or came in contact with. Johnston did eventually march on Salt Lake City peacefully establishing a fort outside the city after most of the Mormons had left the city. He allegedly remarked to one of his officers that he "would give up his plantation for a chance to bombard the city for 15 minutes." Despite mobilization the Mormons avoided conflict and wisely so, losing very few men or civilians without incurring the wrath of an occupying army who was openly defied. The militiamen who were relatively small in number yet still vastly outnumbering the occupying Army merely faded back into civilian life as farmers, traders, merchants, and church clergymen, or whatever their daily trade or profession was before the "war' had broken.
Part of the Native American-Mormon-US conflict was played out in the controversial events even to this day of the Mountain Meadows Massacre in September 1857. What is discernible is that around 120 settlers in the Baker-Fancher party from
Massacre of the Baker-Fancher party, Mountain Meadows 1857
The quagmire that was the US Army expedition which originally worried so many in the LDS leadership, came to be known as Buchanan’s Blunder thereafter. Johnston ’s army suffered greatly on the long and disorganized march from Wyoming into Utah loosing men and many animals to the blizzard and minus degree temperatures when he insisted on making a punitive expedition to reach Utah .
Don Stiver's depiction of Johnston's march through Wyoming (BYU)
The Mormons of Utah feared for the worst and prepared for a confrontation, echoed in Brigham Young’s mobilization proclamation: “We are invaded by a hostile force who are evidently assailing us to accomplish our overthrow and destruction. . . . Our opponents have availed themselves of prejudice existing against us because of our religious faith, to send out a formidable host to accomplish our destruction. . . . (I order) that all the forces in said Territory hold themselves in readiness to march, at a moment's notice, to repel any and all such invasion.”
The Utah War developed into a war of sporadic skirmishing and small scale ambushes and raids. This benefitted the very small number of Mormon forces who did actually exchange fire with the US army during the conflict, using some tactics resembling what we now refer to as guerilla or insurgent warfare Casualties were low on both sides with almost every single US army casualty coming by way of exposure, disease & sickness, or accident. In fact many sources note that the Mormon militias were highly defensive and had orders to harass, chase off or steal the Federal horses and cattle to impend the march on Salt Lake City . In one case they ambushed a supply trained and burned many US army wagons and supplies in a undetected lightning strike raid.
Brigham Young and the Church leaders claimed that no rebellion had taken place, mitigating at least some of the anti-Mormon rhetoric and fire-eaters in the Army and in Washington pushing for results and punishment for the Mormons after the conflict. This helped ensure a peace settlement with President Buchanan and made sure that the LDS would remain in power within the Federal governments’ territorial law. Young and his men were pardoned easing Utah's entrance to a status officially under Federal control.
To most everyone else now and even today the small and nearly bloodless Utah War seems irrelevant compared to the events going on elsewhere in America during this time. Of course by 1858 the prelude to the American Civil War and its far reaching aftermath was just unfolding under sectarian violence from Kansas & Missouri to later Virginia in John Browns great Raid on Harper's Ferry 1859. However the Utah War and the Mormon Rebellion are still a significant part of the history of the American Federal government, the antebellum US military, and of the American West, Utah and of the Mormon faith today.
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